-
41 πρῶτος
Grammatical information: adj.Meaning: `foremost, first' (Il.).Other forms: Dor. Boeot. πρᾶτος.Compounds: As 1. member very productive, e.g. πρωτό-γονος `first-born' (ep. poet. Il.).Derivatives: 1. Superlative πρώτ-ιστα (adv.) `first of all', - ιστος (ep. poet. Il.), Dor. (Thera) πράτιστος `the very first' (Seiler Steigerungsformen 105). 2. πρωτ-εῖον n. `first prize, first rank' (Att.); - ειος `of the first rank'. 3. - εύω `to be first' (Att.) with the backformation πρωτεύς adjunct to λαός (Tim. Pers. 248; cf. Wil. ad loc.). Several shortnames, e.g. Πρωτ-εύς m. Seagod (Od. etc.; Bosshardt 128f.), - τέας, - τίων, Πρατ-ίνας, - ύλος etc. (Bechtel Hist. Personennamen 387). -- On Πρω-τεσί-λαος, - λεως (Il. etc.) s. Risch $ 71 a.Origin: IE [Indo-European] [814] XX [unknown]Etymology: As with the cardinals (cf. οἶος, εἷς and Kretschmer Einl. 10ff.) deviate also with the ordinals, a. even stronger, the expressions for the singular from one another. In Greek πρῶτος, πρᾶτος as innovation joined the sequence τρίτος, τέταρτος etc.; the initial syllable is explained in diff. ways. Most obvious is to compare, πρῶ-, πρᾶ-(τος) with Lith. pìr-mas, Skt. pū́r-va-, Av. paur-va- as representing a zero grade pr̥̄-, i.e. *pr̥H-; the variation πρω-: πρᾱ- can, if not old (Lejeune BSL 29, 117ff.), be explained as partial adaptation to πρό, πρότερος though it is not clear how this would have come about. DELG says that *pr̥H- can give both πρᾱ- and πρω-, but the first requires *pr̥h₂-, the second *pr̥h₃-, so the two cannot come from the same form. A basis *πρό-ατος, for πρῶτος possible, is not possible for πρᾶτος. Schwyzer 361 and 250 w. lit.; s. also on πρῳ̃ ρα and Pisani Ist. Lomb. 77, 563. Older lit. in Bq. Cf. Beekes Development 214f.Page in Frisk: 2,609-610Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > πρῶτος
-
42 ἄφενος
Grammatical information: n.Other forms: m. (after πλοῦτος, Fehrle Phil Woch. 46, 700f).Compounds: εὐηφενής (Il.; the better attested v. l. εὐηγενής is hardly correct; Bechtel, Lex.); also in the PN Δι-, Κλε-, Τιμ-αφένης.Derivatives: (with loss of vowel and remarkable final stress) ἀφνειός (Il.), later ἀφνεός `rich' (Il.). From here retrograde ἄφνος n. (Pi. Fr. 219).Etymology: Uncertain. The connection with Skt. ápnas- n. `possessions, riches' (Bréal MSL 13, 382f.; cf. ὄμπνη; also Pisani Ist. Lomb. 73, 515) is now generally rejected (also as * apsnos). - The word was one of the corner stones of the Pelasgian theory, which can now be abandoned (also Heubeck's variant, the Minoan-Minyan language: Praegraeca 70). The agreement with Hitt. happina(nt)- `rich', is remarkable. The postulated verb hap-(zi) is improbable (Puhvel HED 3, 124f). The Hittite word could be IE (Szemerényi Glotta 33, 1954, 275 - 282). Puhvel's h₁op- is impossible ( h₁- disappears in Hittite); but Lat. opulentus \< * op-en-ent- is improbable: - ulentus is a frequent suffix in Latin, and - ant is very productive in Hittite so that it cannot be projected back into PIE; with it disappears the explanation of - ulentus (I also doubt the dissmilation n - nt, with t after the second n; there are other difficulties in the theory, as the author indicated); the - en- has no clear function and is not found elsewhere after op-; thus the connection of opulentus with the Hittite word disappears. - Irene Balles (HS 110, 1997) starts from *n̥-gʷʰn-o-, parallel to - io- in Skt. ághnyā- `(the valuable animal which is) not to be killed'. (She explains the adj., and the accent, from *n̥gʷʰn-es-o- \> ἀφνεό-, with metrical lengthening in Homer). But she has to explain the full grade from analogy after σθένος, which is improbable; the whole construction is not convincing. - The Greek word is rather IE (cf. archaic εὐηφενής). For Greek a root * h₂bʰen- is the obvious reconstruction. The accent and the form ἀφνεός may be explained following Balles: *h₂bʰnes-ó-, with ablaut as in ἄλγος - ἀλεγεινός (metr. lengthening in Homer is probable as *ἀφνεοιο is impossible in the hexameter and *ἀφνεος, -ν etc. are difficult). Thus the word seem perfectly IE. It cannot be connected with the Hittite word (reading *ḫpina- is doubtful). A loan from Anatolian would have κ-, the φ would be unclear, the s-stem, and the adjective.Page in Frisk: 1,195Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > ἄφενος
-
43 στυγέω
Grammatical information: v.Meaning: `to hate, to detest, to hold back' (ep. poet., Il., Hdt. a. late prose).Other forms: Aor. στυγεῖν (Hom., Call., Nic. a.o.), στύξαι (λ 502 [caus.], A. R., Opp., AP), στυγ-ῆσαι, pass. - ηθῆναι, fut. - ήσομαι (trag.), perf. ἐστύγ-ηκα (Hdt. a.o.), - ημαι (Lyc.), - μαι (H.).Derivatives: στυγ-ητός `hated, detestable' (A. Pr., late prose), - ημα n. `object of hate, detestation' (E. a.o.), ἀπο- στυγέω ησις f. `detestation' (sch.). -- Besides the adj. 1. στυγ-ερός `hated, full of hate, detestable' (ep. poet. Il.). 2. - νός `id.', also `gruesome, sad etc.' (Archil., Hp., trag. etc.) with - νότης f. (hell. a. late), - νία f. (sch.), - νόομαι (also w. κατα-) `to be somber' (AP, H.), - νωσον χώρισον H., - νάζω (also w. δια-, κατα-, συν-) `to be, become overcast' (NT a.o.) with - νασις f. (late). 3. - ιος `hated, detestable' (E., Plu.; cf. on Στύξ below). Subst. 1. στύγος n. `hate, object of hate' (A. a.o.). 2. Στύξ, - γός f. river in the Underworld (Hom. etc.) with adj. Στύγιος (trag. a.o.), name of an Arcadian mountain brook wit icecold water (Hdt., Str., Paus.), also appellat. `hate, detestation' (Alciphr.), pl. `icy cold' (Thphr.); also = σκώψ (Ant. Lib. a.o.). Compp. στυγ-άνωρ `hating men' (A. Pr.), ψευσί-στυξ `hating lies' (AP).Etymology: The rise of the above forms cannot be reconstructed with certainty. Old is in any case the primary suffixless Στύξ; whether the pres. στυγέω or the aor. ἔστυγον was prior cannot be decided, as the latter just like στύξαι can be metrically conditioned; cf. ἔκτυπον s. κτύπος (also Schwyzer 721 and Chantraine Gramm. hom. 1, 347). From στυγέω first στυγη-τός, - μα, prob. also as backformation στύγος (cf. μισέω: μῖσος). The adj. can be explained in diff. ways. -- No certain etymology. As behind the notion `hate' a concrete conception will be hidden and for στύξ the meaning `icy cold, icecold water' is in fact attested (from where στυγέω prop. `shiver'?) it is obvious to connect a synonymous Slav. word: Russ. stýgnutь, stúgnutь `cool down, get cold, freeze', Stugna tributary of the Dniepr. Much less usual are forms with -d-, e.g. Russ. stúda `cold', studítь `cool (down)', OCS studъ also = αἰσχύνη; a Slavic change - dn- to - gn- is perhaps not to be excluded (s. lit. in Vasmer s. stýgnutь). Connection with a verb for `push etc.', e.g. Skt. tujáti, Germ., e.g. NLG stūken, is semantically more difficult to motivate. Further hypotheses (to στύω a.o.) in Bq, WP. 2, 616f. a. 620, Pok. 1033 u. 1035, Vasmer s.vv., also Fraenkel s. 1. stúgti; everywhere w. lit. -- New proposal by v. Windekens Orbis 13, 224 f.: to Toch. B ścono, śconiye `hate' from steu-n-.Page in Frisk: 2,812-813Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > στυγέω
-
44 ἀδίαντον
Grammatical information: n.,Meaning: name of a plant, `Adiantum' (Thphr.).Other forms: ἀδίαντος m.Origin: IE [Indo-European]X [probably] GR [a formation built with Greek elements]Page in Frisk: 1,21Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > ἀδίαντον
-
45 ἀλώπηξ
ἀλώπηξ, - εκοςGrammatical information: f. (on the gender DELG).Meaning: `fox' (Archil.).Other forms: A shortened form is ἀλωπά (Alc.), ἀλωπός (Hdn.); on its origin Sommer Nominalkomp. 5 A. 5. Denom. ἀλωπεύει ἀνιχνεύει H., cf. NGr. (Crete) λαγονεύω `trace' from λαγώς, Kukules Άρχ. Έφ. 27, 70f.Derivatives: ἀλωπεκέη, -ῆ `fox-skin' (Hdt.); ἀλωπεκία a disease of the skin (Arist.); ἀλωπεκίς f. = κυναλώπηξ (X.), also `head-gear from fox-skin' (X.) and `kind of vine' (Plin.), s. Strömberg Pflanzennamen 139Etymology: ἀλώπηξ can agree with Arm. aɫuēs, gen. - esu `fox'. Cf. further Lith. lãpė and Latv. lapsa. Schrijver, JIES 26, 1998, 421-434 connects the Celtic words W. llywarn etc., which he derives from * lop-erno-, and reconstructs * h₂lop-. The Greek long ō is explained from an old nom. * h₂lōp-s. (Skt. lopāśá- `jackal' and MP rōpās `fox' have an orig. diphthong in the root and cannot be connected. Lat. volpes `fox', Lith. vilpišỹs `wild cat' should also be kept apart; Schrijver starts from a root * ulp-). - The inflection ἀλώπηξ, - εκος is unique in Greek. There is no support for Rix's - ōk-s, - ek-os (1976,, 143). In the Armenian form, the ē presents difficulties and is prob. secondary, the word rather showing old short e; Clackson 1994, 95. De Vaan, IIJ 43, 2000, 279-293, disconnects the suffix from the Indo-Ir. one (as above the words were disconnected) and doubts that Skt. -āśa- etc. is of IE origin. He follows Chantr. Form. 376, in assuming that the Greek (and Armenian) suffix - ek- was taken from a non-IE language; Greek would have lengthened the vowel in the nominative. But this does not explain the Greek ablaut: one would expect that the long vowel was introduced everywhere. Rather the suffixes are IE, and the long vowel of Saskrit and the short of Armenian confirm the Greek ablaut as archaic. - See also Blažek, Linguistica Baltica 7, 1998, 25-31. Cf. Nehring Glotta 14, 184, Lidén KZ 56, 212ff., Fraenkel KZ 63, 189f., Hermann KZ 69, 66.Page in Frisk: 1,83Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > ἀλώπηξ
-
46 ἄρδα
Grammatical information: f.Meaning: `dirt' (Pherekr. 53).Origin: PG [a word of Pre-Greek origin]X [probably]Etymology: Unknown. Connection with ἄ̄ρδω `benetzen' is impossible because of the short ἀ- in ἄρδα. The ending has been explained as -ρδι̯ᾰ (\> -ρzδᾰ \> - ρδᾰ) or with secondary shortening from -η, Schwyzer 476 sub 6. Fur. 391f compares δάρδα· μόλυσμα and δαρδαίνει μολύνει H., with δ\/zero? the glosses cannot be ignored. Is it simply loss of δ- through dissimilation, or does it point to a substr. word? (Wrong vW.)Page in Frisk: 1,134Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > ἄρδα
-
47 γῆρας
Grammatical information: n.Meaning: `old age' (Il.).Derivatives: γηραιός `old' (Hes.; cf. γεραιός s. γέρας), γηραλέος `id.' (Anakr.; after the adj. in - αλέος; not with Schwyzer 516 from an old σ-less stem), γηράεις `id.' (Alc., s. Chantr. Form. 272f.). Further γήρειον `thistledown' (Arat.) and γηράνιον γεραν\< ογέρων\> H.; cf. Strömberg Pflanzennamen 159 n. 1; γηράμων H., glossed as (*) γράζα. - γηράσκω `get old' (Il.), aor. 3. sg. ἐγήρα, ptc. γηράς (Il.), inf. γηράναι or γηρᾶναι (A., cf. Schwyzer 682); aor. ἐγήρασα (Hdt.; also as causative like ἔφυσα: ἔφυν, Schwyzer 755γ); fut. γηράσομαι, - σω (Ion.-Att.), later γεγήρακα, ἐγηράθην. New present γηράω (X.); aor. γηρείς (Xenoph.) after δαμείς. - From γηράσκω: γηράσιμος `getting older' (Tlos), and γήρανσις (Arist.) after ὑγίανσις (Chantraine 281).Origin: IE [Indo-European] [390] *ǵerh₂- `be, become old'Etymology: Beside γέρας wit remarkable long vowel, which has been explained as coming from the s-aorist, but this cannot be shown (Hardarsson, Wurzelaorist (1993) 72-6).Vgl. γέρας, γέρων, γραῦς.Page in Frisk: 1,304-305Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > γῆρας
-
48 γναθμός
Grammatical information: m.Meaning: `jaw' (Hom.)Derivatives: PN of a parasite Γνάθων, with Γναθώνειος, Γναθωνίδης, Γναθωνάριον (Plu.). Denom. γναθόω `hit the jaw' (Phryn. Com.).Origin: PG [a word of Pre-Greek origin]Etymology: γναθμός from γνάθος after λαιμός, βρεχμός, ὀφθαλμός. - Always compared with Lith. žándas `id.', Latv. zuôds `chin, sharp side'; the Lith. acute was explained from a laryngeal, which is impossible for Greek; it can also have been caused by a following d (Winter-Kortlandt law). A preform *gn̥h₂dʰ- would have given *γνᾱθος, *gn̥h₂edʰ- *γαναθος; so a laryngeal is impossible for Greek, nor can - να- be derived from any other PIE form. (The Lithuanian form, which has a quite different structure, cannot be cognate.) The form must therefore be non-IE, i.e. Pre-Greek. Further connection with γένυς is improbable, as this is IE. Macedonian κάναδοι σιαγόνες, γνάθοι H. has also often been compared; this may well be cognate, as a Pre-Greek form; does it stand for *κναδοι? (with epenthesis? for which see Fur. 378); it has also been connected with κνώδων, κνώδαλον.Page in Frisk: 1,316Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > γναθμός
-
49 ἐλαχύς
Grammatical information: adj.Other forms: ἐλάχεια hAP 197 (on the accent Wackernagel Gött. Nachr. 1914, 115f. = Kl. Schr. 2, 1172f., Schwyzer 379; ι 116, κ 509 as v. l. to λάχεια; cf. Leumann Hom. Wörter 54;, ἐλαχύ (AP); masc. also ἔλαχος (Call., s. Leumann l. c.);Compounds: As 1. member in ἐλαχυ-πτέρυξ, [ἐλα]χύ-νωτος (Pi.).Derivatives: Comp. ἐλά̄σσων, - ττων (Il.), Sup. ἐλᾰ́χιστος (Ion.-Att.). - From ἐλάσσων, - ττων (Schwyzer 731f.): denomin. ἐλασσόομαι, - ττόομαι `become smaller, be inferior, be damaged' (Ion.-Att.), - όω `diminish, damage' (Lys., Isok.) with ἐλάττωσις `diminution, disadvantage, want, loss' (Antipho Soph., Pl. Def., Arist.) and ἐλαττωτικός `not insisting on his rights, diminishing' (Arist.), ἐλάσσωμα, - ττωμα `id.' (D.). From ἔλασσον-, - ττον-: ἐλαττον-άκις `less often' (Pl., Arist., after πλεον-ακις), ἐλαττον-ότης `be inferior' (Iamb.; beside μειζον-ότης); ἐλασσον-έω, - ττονέω `have or give less, to be defective' (LXX, pap.), ἐλαττον-όω `diminish' (LXX). From ἐλάχιστος: ἐλαχιστ-άκις `very rarely' (Hp.), ἐλαχιστ-ιαῖος `of smallest size, infinitesimal' (Diog. Oen. 2).Etymology: Old adjective, identical with Skt. laghú-, raghú- `quick, light, small', Av. ragu- `quick'; from an IE zero grade *h₁ln̥gʷʰ-ú-. The full grade h₁lengʷʰ- in Av. comp. rǝnǰyō (with analogical superlativ rǝnǰišta-), in Lith. lẽngvas and in Goth. leihts ` leicht', if, as prob., from PGm. * linχta-, IE * h₁lengʷʰ- to-. Toch. B laṅktse `light. Without nasal, with ĕ-vowel Lat. lĕvis `light, small, quick', with reduced vowel OCS lьgъ-kъ `light', with a-vowel Celt., e. g. OIr. comp. laigiu `smaller, worse', PCelt. *lag-i̯ōs (positive bec(c)). These forms cannot be all at once explained. W.-Hofmann s. levis, Fraenkel Lit. et. Wb. s. lẽngvas, Vasmer Russ. et. Wb. s. lëgkij (2, 24). - The vowellength in ἐλά̄σσων is secondary, s. Schwyzer 538 w. n. 4; also Seiler Steigerungsformen 43f.Page in Frisk: 1,484-485Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > ἐλαχύς
-
50 ἰοχέαιρα
Grammatical information: adj..Meaning: attribute of Artemis, also used as substantive (Hom.; Pi. P. 2, 9 [with shortening of the ἰ-], poet. inscr.), also of the φαρέτρα (AP 6, 9); also name of the viper (Nic. Fr. 33).Etymology: Since antiquity mostly explained as `shaking out arrows, arrow-shootress, from ἰός `arrow' and χέω, cf. δούρατ' ἔχευαν Ε 618; through learned play by Nic. referring to ἰός `poison'. The 2. member was shaped after χίμαιρα, γέραιρα a. o. (Schwyzer 452 a. 475, Chantraine Formation 104); as it never existed as an independent word, it cannot be seen whether it is derived from an ρ-stem *χέϜ-αρ (Benveniste Origines 27) or from an ν-stem ( πίειρα: πίων, πέπειρα: πέπων). - However, Heubeck Beitr. z. Namenforschung 7, 275ff. derived it (with Pisani; objections by Belardi Doxa 3, 208, Fraenkel Ling. Posn. 4, 96) from ἰός and χείρ as `who has the arrow(s) in her hand'; this is supported by Skt. formations, e. g. íṣu-hasta- `who holds an arrow in the hand', śūla-hasta- `... a lance in...'. On the formal aspects s. on χείρ (s. v.). - Not with Ehrlich Sprachgeschichte 48 as `crying (a) hunting cry' from ἰά `cry' and a verb `call' (Skt. hávate); cf. Kretschmer Glotta 4, 350. Also R. Schmitt, Dicht. u. Dichterspr. 177ff.Page in Frisk: 1,731-732Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > ἰοχέαιρα
-
51 καρός
Grammatical information: gen.Meaning: only in τίω δέ μιν ἐν καρὸς αἴσῃ (Ι 378) indicating something useless.Origin: GR [a formation built with Greek elements]X [probably]Etymology: Here perhaps καριμοίρους, explained by H. in two ways: τοὺς ἐν μηδεμιᾳ̃ μοίρᾳ, η μισθοφόρους. - Mostly as "(something) cut off, futile" connected with κείρω, but perh. rather from κάρ `louse' (H.), which would be more visual and impressive (from κείρω we cannot get καρ-). Not with Schwyzer Glotta 12, 17f. a. n. gen. of κήρ (s.v.) `goddess of death' with old ablaut.Page in Frisk: 1,790-791Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > καρός
-
52 κάτα
Grammatical information: adv. and prep.Meaning: `(from -) down, down(wards), against, along, through, over, concerning' with gen. (abl.) and acc. (Il.);Derivatives: also καται- in καται-βαταί (ν 110), καται-βάτης surn. of Zeus etc. (Thera, Melos, Thasos, trag.); cf. καταῖτυξ.Origin: IE [Indo-European] [512] *km̥th₂e `down, with, along'Etymology: Identical with Hitt. katta adv. and postpos. `down from, at, with, under'; also the old Celtic word for `with', e. g. OWelsh cant, OIr. cēt-, may belong to it; IE. basis then *kn̥ta (on Hitt. -a- for expected - an- s. Pedersen Hittitisch and Kronasser Vgl. Laut- und Formenlehre 53). Further connection to IE. * kom in Lat. cum etc. (s. κοινός), so that IE. *km̥ta should be assumed, cannot be decided. - The by-forms καται- and Arc. κατύ can be explained best as analogical after παραί resp. ἀπύ ( καται- not = Hitt. katti-mi etc.). - Details in Schwyzer-Debrunner 473ff.Page in Frisk: 1,800Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > κάτα
-
53 κήλη
Grammatical information: f.Meaning: `tumour; rupture, hernia' (Hp., AP), `hump' (Eup., Arist.);Dialectal forms: Att. κάληCompounds: as 1. member in κηλο-τομία `operation for hernia'; as 2. member in ἐντερο-, σαρκο-κήλη (medic.; Strömberg Wortstudien 69f.).Derivatives: κηλήτης, Att. καλήτης m. `with hernia' (Str., Gal., Phryn.), ( ἐντερο-)-κηλικός (Dsc., Gal.); κάλαμα ὄγκος H. (Chantraine Formation 186f.); denomin. verb καλάζει ὀγκοῦται. Άχαιοί H. On κηλᾶς bird s. v.Etymology: The difference between Ion. κήλη and Att. κάλη (acc. to gramm. α long) is not explained. `Rückverwandlung' of PAtt. η \> ᾱ cannot be accounted for; diff. ablaut-forms: *κᾱϜ-ελ-ᾱ \> κήλη, *κᾰϜ-ελ-ᾱ \> κάλη (Kretschmer KZ 31, 471f. doubting) is not attractive. Then κάλη must be an unattic term (Björck Alpha impurum 70 doubting); there is no proof. - A remarkable agreement gives a Germanic term for `groin rupture', OWNo. haull m., OE hēala m., OHG hōla f., PGm. * haula(n)-, - ō(n); from Slavic territoy we find with the same meaning Csl. kyla, Russ. kilá, also `knag on a tree', with Lith. kū́las `navel-rupture(?)', kū́la `thickening, swelling, knag'. Al forms mentioned can go back on an l-stem *kāu̯el-, kaul-, kūl- (cf. on ἥλιος). - Pok. 536f., W.-Hofmann s. cūlus, Vasmer Wb. s. kilá.Page in Frisk: 1,839-840Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > κήλη
-
54 κρήνη
Grammatical information: f.Compounds: Compp., e.g. καλλί-κρανος `with beautiful springs' (Pi.).Derivatives: Diminut.: κρηνίς, - ῖδος f. (E., Call., D.H.; Chantraine Formation 347), also as GN (Str.); κρηνίον (Delos IIIa, Str.), - ίδιον (Arist.). - κρηναῖος `of the\/a source' (since ρ 240), κρηνήϊος `id.' (Orac. ap. Dam. Pr. 344); νύμφαι Κρηνιάδες (A. Fr. 168, hexam.; after ὀρεστιάδες; cf. Chantraine 354f.); κρηνῖτις f. `of the\/a source' (Hp.). - GN Κραννούν (Thess.)..Etymology: The diff. dialect forms (s. above) can come from PGr. *κράσνᾱ; the irregular Att. - ρη- for -ρᾱ-, has been explained as PIon.-Att. dissimilation, as Ionism or as hyperatticism (Schwyzer 189f.) One tried to connect κρήνη with κρουνός `spring' (s. v.), κροῦναι κρῆναι τέλειαι H.; IE. basis then * krosno-, resp. (for κρήνη) -kr̥snā. With κρουνός, κροῦναι may agree a Germanic word for `wave, flood' except the stem-ending, resp. the accent, OWNo. hrǫnn f., OE hræn, hærn f., PGm. *hraznṓ, IE. *krosnā́. - Other wrong etymologies in Bq s.v.; s. also WP. 1, 488 f. If cognate with κρουνός, κρήνη cannot with Lamer IF 48, 228ff. be Aegean; cf. Kretschmer Glotta 21, 158.Page in Frisk: 2,16Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > κρήνη
-
55 λάχεια
Grammatical information: adj.Meaning: adjunct of νῆσος (ι 116), ἀκτή (κ 509), v.l. ἐλάχεια (s. ἐλαχύς, where see on the accent; cf. Schwyzer 474 n. 1, Chantraine Gramm. hom. 1, 191). Meaning uncertain, by H. explained with εὔσκαφος καὶ εὔγειος, " παρὰ τὸ λαχαίνεσθαι, ὅ ἐστι σκάπτεσθαι πυκνῶς".Origin: XX [etym. unknown]Etymology: Modern interpreters understand it as `low, flat', which fits well to νῆσος, but not to ἀκτή (cf. Leumann Hom. Wörter 54); it was connected with a Germ. adj. for `low, flat': OWNo. lāgr, MHG lǣge, IE * lēgh- (Fick 1, 531), and also Latv. lę̂zns, IE *lēǵh-; Pok. 660. But the Greek α cannot be understood from IE *ē. - After Ribezzo RIGI 16, 6ff. (with EM, H. a. o.) to λαχαίνω ( λάχεια ἀκτή = σκαπτη ἀκτή).Page in Frisk: 2,92-93Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > λάχεια
-
56 λύγξ 2
Grammatical information: m. f.Other forms: λυγγός E. fr. 683.Compounds: As 1. member in λυκό-λυγξ `wolflynx' (pap. in Sb. Heidelb. 1923: 2, 14, 13); λυγγούριον ( λυγκ-, λιγκ- u. a.) n. kind of amber (Thphr., Delos IIIa), s. v.Derivatives: λυγκίον dimin. (Callix.), λύγγιος `of the lynx' (Edict. Diocl.). On ambivalent PN Λυγκεύς (Hdt., Pi.) s. Boßhardt 130f.; from there λυγκεύς as name of an eye-salve (medic.).Origin: LW [a loanword which is (probably) not of Pre-Greek origin] Eur. substr.Etymology: Old name of the lynx, found also in Armenian, German and Balto-Slavic. Except for the nasal λύγξ has a counterpart in Lith. consonant stem lūš-ų (gen. pl.), with as innovation the i-stem lū́š-is. The same transformation show the Slav. words, which however through influence of an other word (* rysъ `sotted, red'?) got an initial r-: Russ. rýsь etc. Also elsewhere transformstions have occurred: with thematic vowel in Swed. lō `lynx' (PGm. * luh-a-, IE *luḱ-o-); with s-sufflx in Westgermanic: OHG luhs, OE lox (cf. Germ. Fuchs, OE fox); with n-suffix in Arm. lus-an-un-k` (ἅπ. εἰρ.) pl., which also supposes old full grade (IE *leuḱ- or louḱ-). The Arm. n-fomation might be connected somehow with the Greek nasalinfix, which reappers also in Lith. dial. (Zem.) lųnšis. - Details and further connections in Bq, WP. 2, 411 f., Pok. 690, Fraenkel Wb. s. lū́šis, Vasmer Wb. s. rýsь. - Fur. 121 adduces considerations that show that it is in origin a non-IE word. The word has been connected with the root *leuḱ- `see' and would refer to the sharp sight of the animal. But this cannot explain the long ū of Balto-Slavic. Nor can the -n- be explained; nor the g of Gr. λύγγ-ιος. So the word is non-IE, prob. a loan from a Eur. substratum. - I see no reason to connect the gloss λουνόν λαμπρόν H. The PN Λυγκεύς may be cognate or not. S. also λυγγούριον.Page in Frisk: 2,141-142Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > λύγξ 2
-
57 λυγκός
Grammatical information: m. f.Other forms: λυγγός E. fr. 683.Compounds: As 1. member in λυκό-λυγξ `wolflynx' (pap. in Sb. Heidelb. 1923: 2, 14, 13); λυγγούριον ( λυγκ-, λιγκ- u. a.) n. kind of amber (Thphr., Delos IIIa), s. v.Derivatives: λυγκίον dimin. (Callix.), λύγγιος `of the lynx' (Edict. Diocl.). On ambivalent PN Λυγκεύς (Hdt., Pi.) s. Boßhardt 130f.; from there λυγκεύς as name of an eye-salve (medic.).Origin: LW [a loanword which is (probably) not of Pre-Greek origin] Eur. substr.Etymology: Old name of the lynx, found also in Armenian, German and Balto-Slavic. Except for the nasal λύγξ has a counterpart in Lith. consonant stem lūš-ų (gen. pl.), with as innovation the i-stem lū́š-is. The same transformation show the Slav. words, which however through influence of an other word (* rysъ `sotted, red'?) got an initial r-: Russ. rýsь etc. Also elsewhere transformstions have occurred: with thematic vowel in Swed. lō `lynx' (PGm. * luh-a-, IE *luḱ-o-); with s-sufflx in Westgermanic: OHG luhs, OE lox (cf. Germ. Fuchs, OE fox); with n-suffix in Arm. lus-an-un-k` (ἅπ. εἰρ.) pl., which also supposes old full grade (IE *leuḱ- or louḱ-). The Arm. n-fomation might be connected somehow with the Greek nasalinfix, which reappers also in Lith. dial. (Zem.) lųnšis. - Details and further connections in Bq, WP. 2, 411 f., Pok. 690, Fraenkel Wb. s. lū́šis, Vasmer Wb. s. rýsь. - Fur. 121 adduces considerations that show that it is in origin a non-IE word. The word has been connected with the root *leuḱ- `see' and would refer to the sharp sight of the animal. But this cannot explain the long ū of Balto-Slavic. Nor can the -n- be explained; nor the g of Gr. λύγγ-ιος. So the word is non-IE, prob. a loan from a Eur. substratum. - I see no reason to connect the gloss λουνόν λαμπρόν H. The PN Λυγκεύς may be cognate or not. S. also λυγγούριον.Page in Frisk: 2,141-142Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > λυγκός
-
58 μάρτυς
Grammatical information: m. f.Meaning: `witness' (Il.; on the spread etc. E. Kretschmer Glotta 18, 92 f., on the use in Homer Nenci Par. del Pass. 13, 221ff.) `martyr, (blood-witness)' (christ. lit.; s. Bauer Gr.-dt. Wb. s.v.).Other forms: Aeol. (Hdn. Gr.) a. Dor. μάρτυρ, Cret. Epid. μαῖτυς (- ρς), - ρος, acc. also μάρτυν (Simon.), dat. pl. μάρτυσι (- ρσι Hippon.?); ep., also NWGr. μάρτυρος.Compounds: Compp., e.g. μαρτυρο-ποιέομαι `call as witness' (inscr., pap.), ψευδό-μαρτυς `false witness' (Pl.; Risch IF 59, 257 f.), ἐπί-μαρτυς `witness' (Ar., Call., A. R.), prob. backformation from ἐπι-μαρτύρομαι, - ρέω; on supposed ἐπιμάρτυρος (for ἔπι μάρτυρος) see Leumann Hom. Wörter 71.Derivatives: μαρτυρία (λ 325; cf. below on μαρτυρέω), μαρτύριον (IA) `testimony, evidence'. Denominatives: 1. μαρτύρομαι, also wiht prefix, e.g. δια-, ἐπι-, `call as witness' (IA); 2. μαρτυρέω, often w. prefix, e.g. ἀντι-, ἐκ-, ἐπι-, δια-, κατα-, συν-, `testify, bear witness' (Alc., Pi., IA) with μαρτύρημα (E.), ( ἀντι-, κατα-)-μαρτύρησις (Epicur., pap.) `testimony', also ( δια-, ἐκ-, ἐπι-, συμ-) μαρτυρία `id.' (cf. above and Scheller Oxytonierung 34f. w. n. 4).Origin: PG [a word of Pre-Greek origin]Etymology: The basis may be a verbal noun *μάρ-τυ- `testimony', seen in μάρ-τυς, - τυν, - τυσι; cf. below. The change from abstract `testimony' to appellative `witness' is attested more often, e.g. Fr. témoin \< Lat. testimonium, Engl. witness orig. `testimony', then `witness'. The suffix ρο- gave the personal, prob. orig. adjectival μάρτυ-ρος. A compromise with μάρτυς gave perhaps the consonantstem μάρτυρ-; note esp. the gen. pl. μαρτύρων ( ἐναντίον μαρτύρων etc.), which can be both from the o-stem and from the consonantstem; further see Egli Heteroklisie 117ff. Dissimilation occurred in μαῖτυ(ρ)ς (\< *μάρτυρ-ς); μάρτυσι and μάρτυς can be explained in the same way (Schwyzer 260); cf. above. - As zero grade τυ-derivation μάρτυς may belong to a verb for `remember', which may be found in Skt. smárati and which may have other derivatives in Greek, e.g. μέριμνα (s. v.); proper meaning *'remembrance'. -- Not with Thieme Studien 55 (with criticism of the traditional interpretation): from *mr̥t-tur prop. `seizing death' (?), cf. Leumann Gnomon 25, 191. - But this cannot explain the vocalism, so rather a loand from Pre-Greek (Fur. 296). The speculations above, which start from an IE origin, must be rejected.Page in Frisk: 2,178-179Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > μάρτυς
-
59 μύκης
μύκης, - ητοςGrammatical information: m.Meaning: `mushroom', also metaph., e.g. `mushroomlike excrescence, any knobber round body, cab or cap at the end of a scabbard, snuff of a lamp-wick, membrum virile' (IA.).Derivatives: μυκήτ-ινος `made of mushrooms' (Luc.), μυκόομαι `become like a mushroom, spongy' (medic.).Origin: PG [a word of Pre-Greek origin]Etymology: Formation in - η(τ)- (Schwyzer 462 u. 499) from a noun, which may be found in Lat. mūcus `snivel, mucus of the nose'; on the meaning cf. Slav., e.g. Sloven. glíva `agaric' to Lith. gleĩvės `slime' etc. (Schulze KZ 45, 189 = Kl. Schr. 619); further s. μύσσομαι. -- Diff. (hesitating) Strömberg Pflanzennamen 28: from μῦς `mouse' because of the grey colour as Fr. gris souris name of a mushroom. But μύκης is not only a grey mushroom, and its formation is unclear. Fur. 298 thinks correctly that the meanings of this word cannot be all explained from a derivation from μύσσομαι `snuff, blow one's nose' and assumes a basic meaning `prominent, extremity'. He connects the word with μύσκλοι οἱ πυθμένες τῶν ξηρῶν σύκων Η, which implies that the word is Pre-Greek. On the suffix - ης, - ητος (in Pre-Greek) s. p. 172 n. 118.Page in Frisk: 2,267Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > μύκης
-
60 μύσσομαι
Grammatical information: v.Meaning: `blow the nose' (Hp., Epic. in Arch. Pap. 7, 5); also act. `wipe off' (Pl., E., Arr., AP), metaph. `draw by the nose, deceive' (Men., H.);Other forms: fut. μύξομαιCompounds: usu. with ἀπο- `id.' (Ar., X., Arist.), also with προ- `deceive somebody for money' (Hp.), `snuff a lamp' (Ar. V. 249 v. l. for πρόβυσον), extort money'.Derivatives: 1. μυκτήρ, - ῆρος m., often in plur., "the snuffer", `nostril' (Ion., com., X.), also (as backformation from μυκτηρίζω) `mocker' (Timo), `insult' (Plu., Luc.); with μυκτηρίζω ( ἀπο- μύσσομαι H.) `bleed at the nose' (Hp.), `be mocked' (Lys.Fr. 323 S., LXX) with - ηρισμός `mockery', - ηρίσματα pl. H. as explanation of ἀποσκώμματα, - ηριστής m. `mocker' (Ath.). -- 2. μύξα, - ης f. `slime, mucus', also `nostril, snout, spout of a lamp' (Hes. Sc. 267, Ion., Arist.; on the formation below) with several derivv.: dimin. μυξάριον (M. Ant.); μυξώδης `slimy, full of slime' (Hp., Arist., Thphr.); μυξ-ωτῆρες pl. (Hdt., Hp.), - ητῆρες (Gal.) `nostril' (cf. τροπωτήρ, κωπητήρ a.o., Chantraine Form. 327 f.); μυξ-άζω, - άω `be slimy' (sch.); fishnames: μύξων, - ωνος m. `kind of mullet' (Arist.), prob. directly from μύξα; as backformation ( κόκκων: κόκκος a.o.; cf. Chantraine 161) μύξος `id.' (Ath.); μυξῖνος `id.' (Hikes. ap. Ath.; like κορακῖνος a.o.). -- 3. ἀπόμυξ-ις `snuffling' (Plu.), - ία `mucus' (AB, H.). -- On μύκης `mushroom' s. v.Origin: IE [Indo-European] [744] * mug-, muk- `slime, glide'?; PGX [probably a word of Pre-Greek origin]Etymology: Beside the primary yot-present *μυκ-ι̯ομαι in μύσσομαι stands in Latin a nasal-present ē-mu-n-g-ō `wipe the nose'; cf. σχίζω (:*σχιδ-ι̯ω) beside scindō. Independent parallel formations are ἀπόμυξ-ις and ēmunc-ti-ō. -- Of the derivations only μύξα needs explanation: like κνίση, κνῖσα can go back on the s-stem supposed in Lat. nīdor, μύξα can go back on Lat. mūcor m. `mould, moistness', if from * mūcos (Solmsen Wortforsch. 238 f.). It is unnecessary to assume an adj. *μυξός `slimy' (*μυκ-σ-ός) with Solmsen (and Brugmann Grundr.2 2: 1, 541), as μύξων, μύξος can be explained from μύξα; s. above. For the rare forms with anl. σμ-(σμύσσεται and σμυκτήρ H., σμύξων Arist. beside μύξων) Celtic has a parallel in Gael. smùc, smug `mucus'; from Celt. may still be mentioned the primary to-derivation in MIr. mocht `weak' (\< * muk-to-). The Germ. and Balto-Slav. words adduced, e.g. OWNo. mjūkr, Latv. mukls `palūdōsus' give nothing new for Greek. Further, partly quite doubtful combinations in WP. 2, 253, Pok. 744, W.-Hofmann s. ēmungō. -- On μύσκος μίασμα H. s. μύσος; the rarely attested ἀμυσχρός, ἀμυχρός etc. (s.v.) cannot be certainly interpreted. Cf. 2. μύζω and μυχθίζω. - The forms μύξα, μύξος, μύξων, and the forms with σ-, seem doubtful and may be Pre-Greek; cf. Fur. 393.Page in Frisk: 2,Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > μύσσομαι
Страницы
См. также в других словарях:
Consciousness Explained — Author(s) Daniel C. Dennett … Wikipedia
Let the Blind Lead Those Who Can See but Cannot Feel — Infobox Album | Name = Let the Blind Lead Those Who Can See but Cannot Feel Type = Album Artist = Atlas Sound Released = Flagicon|USA February 19, 2008 Flagicon|UK May 5, 2008 Recorded = Bradford Cox 2007 Genre = Ambient Shoegaze Length = 50:01… … Wikipedia
he who can, does; he who cannot, teaches — There are many (frequently humorous) variations on this proverb. 1903 G. B. SHAW Maxims for Revolutionists in Man & Superman 230 He who can, does. He who cannot, teaches. 1979 Daily Telegraph 6 Aug. 8 A version of an old adage came to me those… … Proverbs new dictionary
metaphysics — /met euh fiz iks/, n. (used with a sing. v.) 1. the branch of philosophy that treats of first principles, includes ontology and cosmology, and is intimately connected with epistemology. 2. philosophy, esp. in its more abstruse branches. 3. the… … Universalium
HEBREW LANGUAGE — This entry is arranged according to the following scheme: pre biblical biblical the dead sea scrolls mishnaic medieval modern period A detailed table of contents precedes each section. PRE BIBLICAL nature of the evidence the sources phonology… … Encyclopedia of Judaism
HEBREW GRAMMAR — The following entry is divided into two sections: an Introduction for the non specialist and (II) a detailed survey. [i] HEBREW GRAMMAR: AN INTRODUCTION There are four main phases in the history of the Hebrew language: the biblical or classical,… … Encyclopedia of Judaism
Intelligent design — This article is about intelligent design as promulgated by the Discovery Institute. For other uses, see Intelligent design (disambiguation). For the philosophical argument from design , see Teleological argument … Wikipedia
Life Sciences — ▪ 2009 Introduction Zoology In 2008 several zoological studies provided new insights into how species life history traits (such as the timing of reproduction or the length of life of adult individuals) are derived in part as responses to… … Universalium
linguistics — /ling gwis tiks/, n. (used with a sing. v.) the science of language, including phonetics, phonology, morphology, syntax, semantics, pragmatics, and historical linguistics. [1850 55; see LINGUISTIC, ICS] * * * Study of the nature and structure of… … Universalium
Glossary of philosophical isms — This is a list of topics relating to philosophy that end in ism . compactTOC NOTOC A * Absolutism – the position that in a particular domain of thought, all statements in that domain are either absolutely true or absolutely false: none is true… … Wikipedia
Spinoza: metaphysics and knowledge — G.H.R.Parkinson The philosophical writings of Spinoza are notoriously obscure, and they have been interpreted in many ways. Some interpreters see Spinoza as (in the words of a contemporary)1 ‘the reformer of the new [sc. Cartesian] philosophy’.… … History of philosophy
